Report on UK Bank Essay

Background   The globalisation of business has led to changes of great significance in the business world. The emergence of China and India as centres of manufacturing and services, with equal skills and fractional costs, have led to significant global migration work and far-reaching realignment in the British basket of financial services. In this globalised scenario, the British financial services industry has over time evolved, among other things, into a supplier of high end services in areas of finance, banking and allied information technology. British banks like UKB (assumed name) have been active outside the UK for many decades, especially in former British ruled territories like India and have built up significant expertise in Asian markets. Apart from China, India and the countries of East Asia, the GCC (Gulf Coordination Council) countries have lately emerged as very significant growth areas for banking and financial services. UKB has also opened an office and started banking and financial services operations in Kuwait, pursuant to the changes in Kuwaiti law, in 2004, allowing foreign banks to operate in the country. The bank has ambitious plans for its operations in the Gulf and has accordingly stationed a large team of ten British employees at Muscat to direct UKB’s international business in the GCC states. The bank places great importance on its international plans and has committed significant financial and personnel resources to its plans for business expansion in the GCC countries and is extremely serious in its ambition to become a significant player among the banks and financial institutions providing financial services in Kuwait. The management is confident in its belief that it possesses both domain skills of a very high order and the financial strength required to make a strong success of its operations in Kuwait and thus open the way for further expansion in the GCC countries. The management of UKB has, of late, reasons to believe that the British team at Muscat has operational, managerial and personal issues that need to be resolved to improve job satisfaction and productivity. The relevant issues mainly relate to divides in culture, working methods, value systems and managerial beliefs between the British expatriates and the local Kuwaitis, with whom there is constant contact, as co-employees, customers, suppliers and regulators. Objective The management believes that the situation is serious enough to merit intervention and has asked the author to prepare a report for the attention of all the expatriate employees based in Kuwait. The author has extensive experience of the operations of the GCC countries, both in the capacity of line manager and as consultant to companies operating in the region. This report has been prepared for the use of the bank’s expatriate staff working in Kuwait and will be useful to employees working in other overseas locations as well. The author has tried to provide reasons for UKB’s choice of Kuwait as a business destination, the various issues that are likely to come to the fore when British banking experts have to operate outside the UK for long periods of time, the various managerial, operational, personal and cultural challenges that employees have to face in the course of their everyday life and the best way to deal with them. The author wishes to point out that the text provided in this report is in the nature of general information and the suggestions recommended need to be studied and modified for personal use. The use of â€Å"one size fits all† is patently incorrect, if not downright ludicrous in such situations and the staffs are requested to make the best possible use of the suggestions and recommendations. General Economy of Kuwait Kuwait is a small country situated in the Middle East and a member of the GCC. It holds 8 % of the worlds’ known oil reserves and with the recent explosion in the price of petroleum products has seen significant increases in dollar inflows coming into the country. The country has had a troubled past. It was invaded by Iraq in 1990 under Saddam Hussein and subsequently freed by US intervention. With the removal of Saddam Hussein, the region has now entered a period of stability and oil revenues riding on high prices are driving the country into an economic boom. Travel and tourism is increasing rapidly. Kuwait is in the midst of a sea change, sparked by two recent developments. The unprecedented rise in the price of oil over the last two years has dramatically increased the wealth of the country. Revenues from petroleum sales now priced at more than seventy dollars a barrel were three times projections in 2005. These revenues have brought unplanned riches to this oil-wealthy GCC country. As holder of 8 % of the worlds’ known oil reserves and with annual surpluses in the region of US $ 23 bn, [1] Kuwait is awash with funds and learning to digest this windfall; a flood of dollar inflows which do not show signs of abatement. The death of the Amir Sheikh Jaber and the transition of authority to the new Amir, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, have set the stage for huge economic developments, which are mainly concerned with further development of the emirate’s oil reserves. Revenues from oil make up 50 % of Kuwait’s GDP. The new Amir is in the process of making significant changes in both the oil and non-oil sectors and with erstwhile neighbour, Saddam Hussein out of the picture there is greater confidence to invest. Banking and Financial Services in Kuwait The country, till recently, allowed foreign companies to own up to 49 % of local banks. In 2004, this restriction was removed and full foreign ownership is now allowed, allowing foreign banks like BNP Paribas and UKB to start operations in the country. The major opportunity in the region lies in extending brokerage and financial services to the local population and UKB is trying to actively enter and consolidate its’ presence in these sectors. â€Å"Over the medium term, Kuwait’s financial position is projected to remain strong. The large external current account and fiscal surpluses are expected to lead to a build-up of a large stock of financial assets for future generations.† [2]The country’s sound group of commercial banks, led by the premier Arab bank, National Bank of Kuwait, is well managed and profitable. Kuwaiti Banks have shown remarkable performances. Led by the Bank of Kuwait, the Middle East (BKME) and Kuwait Finance House (with approximately 60 % increases in pre-tax profits), the consolidated assets of the 14 Kuwaiti banks touched record heights in 2005. Banking, financial markets and financial services are preparing a platform for the forecasted boom years. Many international and local banks and financial services companies are vying with each other to improve service and make Kuwait a significant GCC financial center. These plans face two main challenges. Firstly, the stock markets have, after a period of sharp growth, entered a phase of correction, earlier this year with stock values plummeting across the region, eroding shareholder wealth and burning investors. This stock market correction (a drop of a record 14% in March) and larger market declines elsewhere in the Gulf, , have given bankers cause for concern. Rating agency Moody’s has recently cautioned about an asset bubble in the region and that banks may not know the full extent of the possible problem until loans can be assessed at the end of this year. Banking companies operating in Kuwait’s fledgling banking, brokerages and financial services sector have to wrestle with this downturn in investor confidence and face stiff competition from the other financial centers in the GCC countries. The vision of the current Amir’s new regional financial centre needs strategic design, focus, commitment and implementation to succeed. Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Dubai and Qatar all have financial centers competing for supremacy in the Gulf sweepstakes. In this context, with the viability of five regional financial centers yet to be established the financial institutions in Kuwait need to play a very significant role if the country is to become a strong financial hub. The financial and brokerage institutions have to design their strategy in this context and plan their work considering the challenges provided by the availability of substantial local wealth, strategic geographical location, intense regional competition and a slow moving bureaucracy. All companies operating in the field of share and securities brokerage and financial services have to take account of these two developments, which have the potential to act as force multipliers and propel Kuwait’s development manifold. A dynamic leadership wishing to achieve ambitious objectives and armed with adequate resources can achieve far-reaching changes that may be out of the ordinary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To summarize, Kuwait’s banking, brokerage and financial services must find their way to service their customers, optimize performance and create a strategic design with a horizon of at least ten years in a market with many challenges and yet tremendous opportunity. The circumstances under which they need to operate, thrive and grow are as under. Their immediate environment is immensely rich, witness to strong cash inflows and has strong potential for brokerages and companies offering financial services The region is now comparatively stable after the removal of Saddam Hussein and the government is planning significant and far reaching investments in oil development and infrastructure The country is witnessing sharp growth in travel. Investments in top end luxury hotels are increasing with the entry of large international chains. This increase in travel has led to the formation of new regional airlines and additional flights from the big airlines. The region has very active stock markets that are currently in a corrective phase after sustained and dizzy growth. The dip in stock prices has made shares more attractive and increase in buying activity is forecasted The official Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE), restructured in 1983 after the collapse of the unofficial stock market in 1982, has become, despite the Iraqi invasion in 1990, the most sophisticated market in the region. The GCC region has five financial services centers, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Bahrain, Doha and Kuwait. The other four centers already have a head start over Kuwait and experts doubt whether the region can support five strong centers. The KSE, which is the second largest Stock Exchange in the GCC countries and has a sophisticated and fully automated computerized system is urging its members to provide self-service technologies to its’ clients. It has published APIs and guidelines on the mode of integrating online trading with its’ gateway. A number of international financial institutions and banks are re-entering the region with more skills and expertise as well as deeper pockets. These banks will bring strong competition and international state of art practices to the market places. Though operating under restrictions they will forge alliances with local businesses and strive to increase their service portfolio and business in the region. â€Å"According to the bank’s Kuwait chief executive Nick Nicolaou, HSBC has already built up a staff of 42 and is developing a comprehensive training programme. â€Å"We think we can add value. With our regional and global footprint, we can do a lot that local banks cannot do.† [3] HSBC is likely to emphasise its sub-custodian capabilities for foreign investors among other services.† It is evident that these are momentous times for the banking, financial services, wealth management and brokerage companies in Kuwait. Their choice of strategy during this particular sunrise period will determine largely their survival, prosperity and growth in the coming decade. A number of these companies have also started offering self-service technologies to their clients. This is seen as a big step forward in their client offering. KMEFIC and KAMCO are two brokerage companies who have been frontrunners in adopting this technology. KMEFIC’s services have proved to be notably successful and they are now able to provide services, which cover most of the GCC countries and the US market. The Role of UKB managers The analysis of political and economic analysis provided in the previous two sections indicates the enormous business opportunities present for companies operating in the banking sector. UKB is one of the few foreign banks operating in Kuwait and has substantial early mover advantage. The free space available and lack of strong competition will not last for very long and UKB officials need to exploit the business advantage fully. Banks and financial institutions are also rapidly introducing Self Service Technologies for brokerage and internet banking activities. UKB managers must also thus work towards leveraging their superior banking and technological skills and ensure that their technology on offer is the best possible. Any introduction of modern technology is going to be more stressful in Kuwait than what managers from the UK would have experienced before and managers would do well to remember that technology that does not live up to its promises causes intense customer dissatisfaction. Implementation of technology will need to be done with care, especially with respect to maintenance, back up and support services.   Kuwait and the other GCC countries have business environments that are radically different from the UK, the USA and countries of West Europe. The differences in history, culture, traditions and mores as well as the predominance of religion in everyday life contribute towards creating an environment that appears to be alien and is often a cause for great discomfiture for westerners who wish to put down anchor for extended periods and operate in business environments. It is thus essential to understand the Kuwaiti way of doing business in order to respond adequately to business challenges. The recommendations provided below are common for most of the Arab world and will stand all British expatriates negotiating business contracts in Kuwait. UKB officers should try, as far as possible to follow the following guidelines, extracted from the Australian Government’s website for doing business with Arab states. [4] Information is often unreliable and efforts to expand sources of information will aid understanding of a business situation. This includes advice from other westerners who have more experience of local conditions. Statistics and market data are often imprecise and can lead to wrong forecasting.   Budgets must be realistic, timelines conservative as slippages are very common, and transactions take longer than expected. Extensive networking helps in generating business leads Complex business procedures are common and a contract may take take many visits and apparently unnecessary negotiations. Once contracts are finalized, the clients or business partners often want to move fast often based on a handshake. Finally, everything moves on price and UKB managers must work towards delivering beneficial and tangible price outcomes. Religion, in this case Islam, plays a very definitive role in the life of people of governs interpersonal dealings. A knowledge of the Islamic calendar helps and it is wise not to fix any important meetings for Friday, the Islamic Sabbath, when many offices and shops remain closed. The holy festival of Ramadan occupies one whole month and its dates vary every year. Kuwaitis fast for the whole day and while they are used to the yearly ritual, business activities slow down. UKB managers should plan their work accordingly and factor in these considerations into their budgets and commitments. Business meetings are also very different from the west and are frequent causes of frustration for expatriates used to the professionalism of UK business. Some characteristics [5]   of Arab meetings, very capable of disturbing UKB managers are as follows. The meeting may be disturbed and that too quite often, by phone calls and assistants coming in to sign documents or take instructions. The business world is far more informal and interruptions are the norm, rather than the exception. Totally unconnected people may also come in and remain present, without contributing anything towards the proceedings. Meetings are also often interrupted because of prayer timings. Any show of frustration is looked at with amusement and UKB managers must learn to be patient and impassive in their attitude. The Kuwaitis are very good negotiators and quite adept at sensing the unease of their business counterparts. It thus, remains advisable to stay focused, keep the main negotiating points in play, stay firm but exceedingly polite and never show frustration or impatience at the conduct of proceedings. They will be looking for sincerity and trust and it is important that these reassurances are provided continuously, through word, action and reinforcement of capability. Personal Relationships Expatriates living in foreign locales feel the need to occasionally relax in familiar surroundings. Kuwait has a number of luxury hotels with good cuisine and health club facilities and it is strongly recommended that the British staff make good use of them. It is also however important to mix with important local clients and prominent members of the bureaucracy and gradually build up networking contacts. While engaging with Kuwaitis socially it is important to remember a few local traditions and customs. The right hand is always used for eating and it is impolite to eat with the left. The art of small talk, especially about local events helps in social and business settings. Handshakes are often clasps and should be avoided with females. Regular eye contact is desirable and firmness, as separate from arrogance, leads to respect. The most commonly used term is Inshallah, which stands for â€Å"god willing† and underlines the predominance of religion in all dealings. Conclusion The success of a strategic international thrust depends upon a number of things, the most important being viable business opportunities, excellent domain knowledge, awareness of local political processes and economic conditions and the ability to deliver, technically and economically, a superior product or service. UKB is fortunately placed. It is at the right place at the right time and needs to convert its first mover advantage to consolidate its position as a significant player in the banking and financial circles of Kuwait. The banks expatriate team has the responsibility of carrying forward the objectives of the bank to fruition and economic success. They will need to handle a number of challenges on their road towards their objective. A proper reading of the various suggestions and recommendations provided in the course of this report should certainly make their assignment easier to handle. Bibliography Amir, F.A., Marzouqi, H.A., Mesmer, H and Murtawa, S.S., 2006, Online e Trading for UAE Stock Market. AME Info, 9 October 2006, Available: http://www.ameinfo.com/80199.html Atkins, W, 2004, Worst-case scenarios, The Banker, 10 July 2006, Available: http://www.thebanker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1711/Worst-case_scenarios.html Bansal, P., 2004, A question of identity, The Banker, 9 October 2006, Available: http://www.thebanker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1708/A_question_of_identity.html Doing business with Qatar, 2006, Australian Government, 9 October 2006, Available: www.dfat.gov.au/publications/business_qatar/doing_business_qatar.html Drejer, A. (2002). Strategic Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. 9 October 2006, Available: Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101317940 GCC Growth to Slow, 2006, Gulf Industry, 9 October 2006, Available: www.gulfindustryonline.com/bkArticlesF.asp?Article=4113&Section=672&IssueID=234 Timewell, S, 2006, A future to plan for, The Banker, 9 October 2006, Available: http://www.thebanker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/4048/A_future_to_plan_for.html Timewell, S, 2005, A transformed terrain for banks, The Banker, 9 October 2006, Available: http://www.thebanker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/2953/A_transformed_terrain_for_banks.html Timewell, S, 2006, New Era New Challenges, The Banker, 9 October 2006, Available: http://www.thebanker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/4046/New_Era,_New_Challenges.html [1] GCC Growth to Slow, 2006, Gulf Industry [2] Timewell, S, 2005, A changed terrain for banks [3]   Timewell, S, 2006, A future to plan for, Page 1 [4]   Doing Business with Qatar, 2006, Australian Government [5] Doing Business with Qatar

Human resource management in Small Organizations Essay

Much of our knowledge of human resource management involves large organizations with dedicated human resource departments and staff, but what about small organizations? Small organizations recruit, compensate, do performance management, and many of the same tasks as large organizations. There are certain things that can be mapped effectively from large to small organizations, but what happens to the rest that do not map? A small organization can not simply let things slip through the cracks based on size or ignorance of laws, rules, or requirements. This is what makes human resource management not only important in small organizations, but essential for their long term success. Human resource (HR) management is an issue that affects every type of organization large and small alike. The majority of research and information that is easily accessible though is for larger organizations with a staff of human resource professionals. While it is true that much of the information for larger organizations can be applied to smaller organizations the majority of things do not. This raises the question: is the practice of human resource management necessary in small organizations or is it simply for the Fortune 500 companies of the world? I propose that not only is human resource management important to small organizations, but it is essential for their long term success. Traditionally, Small organizations have always had limited resources. Many times they completely overlook the importance of a human resources department. In doing so, they elect to omit the department in their business model. This common oversight shifts the burden of specific HR responsibilities to other members of the staff. Most often, these members of management are not trained or experience in human resource management, nor are they schooled in policies and procedures. Because of this, many HR tasks fall through the cracks. These short falls do not negate laws, rules, and other employer responsibilities that cover human resource management. These regulations still apply to all organizations regardless of size. The lack of understanding creates a liability for small organizations because hey feel that they are exempt based on their size. They simply do not have an understanding of all the laws, rules, and other responsibilities that an educated human resource professional would. Without a dedicated HR department, the small business lacks a proper understanding and vision of human resource policies and procedures. This deficiency will also create problems for a small organization. Typically, most small organizations are focused on increasing sales, adding new products and services, and increasing profits. All these objectives are to be met with the aforementioned limited resources. What many small businesses overlook is that proper understanding and implementation of HR policies and procedures is vital to any business. This should be the center piece of any organization; large or small. Small businesses should create a solid foundation by creating a policies and procedures manual. While creating a policies and procedures manual is time consuming, it is essential for successful employee relations. These policies and procedures not only create an understanding between management and employee of what is expected, but most importantly, what is not expected. Often time’s small organizations assume that common sense should be the guide in determining human resource practices. This leaves too many things open to interpretation and can lead to liabilities that can damage or even end a small organization. Policies on sexual harassment, retaliation, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, and a host of other legal policies must be stated and understood by everyone in the workplace. There are many legal institutions just waiting for organizations to ignore these laws. Creating a policies and procures manual will put in writing what is not tolerated while protecting the small organization. It also will keep the business from being negligent in the protection of its employees. Liabilities are a real threat that face many small organizations; both in the short and long term scope. It does not matter if the organization is liable because of a lack of knowledge or truly negligent; the law only cares if an organization breaks it and not why. Liability issues while vital to the success of the organization are not important if there are no employees. Without employees, the organization cannot sell its goods or services and has no purpose to exist. While a human resource department is important because of liability, there are other issues that are the core responsibility of an HR director that are also key components to the success of a small organization. HR professionals must manage recruitment, compensation, retention, training, and performance. The next key component and considered to be the most important by many, including myself, is that of recruiting. The lack of a formal human resource department and policies make this important component the most challenging. Selection of staff starts with the challenge of who is going to do it. This task often falls on key management personnel and even the president/CEO of the organization. This often impacts the primary responsibilities of this person that directly affect the small organizations ability to increase and make profit. Once the person is selected he/she faces many challenges in the quest for a new staff member or members. The first of these is limited financial resources to spend on recruitment. The lack of money that can be spend limits the amount of areas the open position can be broadcast and there by limiting the pool of qualifies candidates. The popularity of Craigslist and other free online classified internet sites have cut the cost of spreading the word of open positions, but still only reach a limited audience. The ability to add open positions to a small organizations own website is also a free option, but once again limits the exposure to only people coming to its website. The more poplar websites like Monster, Career Builder, and Snag-a-Job reach a larger audience, but cost money. To increase the candidate pool from only online audience to print audience also this is another added expense to an already limited budget. Once the interview process starts there are several other issues that small organizations face. The first of these is the credibility of the organization. Credibility is hurt from even the practice of only posting open positions on a Craigslist. The amount of scams and illegimate business has made the public skeptical of many free sites like Craigslist so the free ad is not entirely free. A Fortune 500 company such as FedEx has no trouble with name recognition or creditability unlike Mailway Delivery, a small package courier. The problem of credibility for the Mailway Delivery’s of the world is another challenge that small organizations face. The next issue is the need of most small organizations employee’s to perform multiple roles. This could include answering phones, sending out mail, and various other duties that everyone shares to keep employee costs down. A candidate from a large corporation might have a specific duty that is his/her only task and that is what they are expected to focus on. In small organization tasks are far less defined and could even change regularly depending on the needs of the organization. This is why small organizations also focus on personal credentials or organizational fit when selecting a candidate. These issues have lead many small organizations to begin a new way of thinking about recruiting. This new way of thinking is outsourcing recruiting to companies such as Manpower, Talent Force and other professional recruiting organizations to take on the small organizations recruiting tasks. These recruiting organizations can provide highly trained human resource professionals and services that can reduce the time key management are taken away from their jobs and put it in the hands of the recruitment organization. The recruitment organization provides not only the benefit of the recruitment, but an array of other services such as benefit administration, payroll services, training, employee relations, and a host of other human resource tasks. This cost is significantly lower for the small organization than hiring someone plus the amount of exposure to liability issues is cut down significantly. These firms also have the option of temporary labor, seasonal labor, and other not permanent labor solutions. They can also be used as an almost try before you buy approach to hiring new people. Another important component to the success of a small organization is that of compensation. This is an important topic in any organization and small organizations are no exception. Compensation is important to several aspects of small organizations including recruitment and retention of staff. It is as simple as if the organization can not pay a fair amount for staff then recruitment will be hard and retention even harder. The limited amount of resources in small organizations makes creating an enticing compensation plan for recruiting and retention a challenge. This has lead small organizations to come up with some different strategies on pay levels, pay mixes, pay structure, benefits and pay raises, but the majority emphasis is placed on pay mix. The pay mix of small organizations focus more on pays incentives than base pay. This pay mix allows the small organization to use the saved cash on labor to reinvest in the company and freeing up scarce resources. This also provides motivation for the staff to achieve goals, increase productivity, and have an overall stake in the success of the organization. These pay incentives can be either short or long term. Short term pay incentives in small organizations may include things like stock and/or profit sharing. The reasoning of why this is a successful is simple. It provides the employee with a tangible reward for his/her work in making the organization successful. This gives the employee to achieve a larger goal with a greater reward based on long term pay incentives. Long term pay incentives are typically a larger stake in the company through some form of equity, stock, stock options, or some other stock based program. This in itself continues the motivation even when this is achieved because the employee begins to identify with management based on their ownership stake in the company. This works extremely well in the high technology organizations, but can be used in almost all organizations. Pay structure in small organizations tend to have far less levels of management and organizational hierarchy so rewards and pay rate are not an indication of status among employees. Pay raises in small organizations are often not given in the same way at large organizations. Small organizations see payroll as a fixed cost and are often not willing to increase this without the success of the organization. This is why short and long term pay incentives and organizational fit play such an important part in the retention of staff. If the employee does not feel the company will be successful they will not be satisfied with a lower base salary because of the lack of faith in the success of the organization. Benefits are a department where small organizations suffer based on the scarce resources available and the high cost of employee retirement plans, company pension plans, and life insurance type options. This is where the long term pay incentives of stock options and ownership in the company have to be a substitute for standard large organization benefit packages. One benefit that small organizations do benefit the most and many choose to invest in is that of education help or reimbursement. This helps the employee by free or subsidized education and the small organization can oftentimes fill gaps in education because of the diversity of job needs. An accountant that also helps with I. T. needs would benefit his/her self as well as the company if he/she took I. T. training classes from the local community college. This not only benefits the employee, but the organization also. This makes education the best benefit for any small organization to invest in. Benefits in small organization may seem unorthodox to many traditional human resource standards, but they are necessary to help recruit and retain the best staff they can. In small organizations it is important to look at compensation from a total view, meaning looking not just at base salary and incentives, but at psychological rewards, learning opportunities, and individual recognition. Retention is an important aspect of staffing that impacts all companies and can be devastating to small organizations. Employees are the most important asset of any small organization and the instability of losing an important asset can cause havoc. Employee retention not only affects a small organization in losing a valuable asset it is an added expensive of finding and training someone else. This combined with any education paid for by the small organization is lost. The goal then of the small organization is to retain the valuable employees through the bonus programs, family type work structure, and many of the other psychological benefits small organizations have to offer. This will lead to lower cost and more efficiency in the organization. Performance management in small organizations does incorporate some parts of compensation such short and long term incentives, training, and other rewards it mostly focuses on performance evaluation processes, disciplinary actions, the laying off of employees and the termination of employees. Often the lack of formal procedures that was discussed earlier comes into play and can negatively effect the organization. The lack of written expectations, rules, and procures open the small organization up to law suits and other liabilities. Performance evaluations, disciplinary procedures, and the law involving termination of employees are important issues small organizations need to spend time on. Training in small organizations is another important component of human resource management effects on the organization. Often times in small organizations the roles of employees are altered, shifted, and sometimes even changed to meet the demand at the time. The amount of change in roles requires that employees stay trained in the area or areas they are working in order to be effective in their job. There are several different types of training that are most common in large and small organizations alike. The first type of training is what most people associate with the word training, formal classroom training. This type of training has been shown to have a positive impact on workers, but is costly in time and money for the organization. This makes formal training for small organizations not the most efficient with some exceptions. Those exceptions are trade association training classes, college seminars, and in house training. Another option that was discussed earlier in the paper was also tuition reimbursement / tuition assistance that are options for formal training. The most common for of training for small organizations is unstructured or most often referred to as on the job training. This is even a selling point in a lot of recruiting efforts of small organizations. The hands on training that a small organization can provide is valuable to the employee as they can not often times get that at a formal training facility. This form of training is often seen as less structured which allows for more interaction and increased learning in many cases. Another form of training that is a new form of training that can be supplemented with formal and informal training is based on social psychology that uses socialization to train new employees. This approach uses socialization to teach the new employee their role in the organization, adjust to job requirements and the culture of the new job. The small organizations have been found to benefit more from this type of training because the new employee is more quickly invited to meetings, asked to go to lunch, and work closer with people than a larger organization. This results in feeling part of the team quicker and learning more quickly. The need for human resource management begins the second the first employee is hired regardless of the size of the organization. The seemingly simple process of hiring, firing, and paying employees is filled with many unseen obstacles that can create problems for a small organization. Effective human resource management has a direct effect on the success of a small organization. It has been said throughout the paper of a small organizations most valuable asset being its employees. This is why human resource management is key to the success of any small organization.

Albania Financial System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Albania Financial System - Case Study Example Other sectors of the country's financial system are not large enough to be systematically important. How ever, growth in the insurance sector is rapid and the fear is that problems within this sector may undermine confidence in the institutions (Ingves and Dappler, 2005). The Bank of Albania (BOA) is at the hem of the financial system, setting the rules, ensuring fair play. It is the keeper of the government accounts, carry out and negotiate government lending and borrowings. It also monitors the other institutions (Commercial banks and other forms of depository institution.) It issues and revokes licenses and do not compete with other institutions in ordinary business operations, but uses its lender of last resort policy, and open market operations to bail the economy and other banks out of recession (Article 16 of Law No.7491, dated April 29, 1991). Other institutions include, state banks, banks limited by shares, cooperative banks and private banks with Albanian capital exclusively. Private or state banks with Albanian and foreign capital, and private banks with foreign capital. Membership deposits and credit are open to both physical and legal persons. There are about sixteen commercial banks in Albania, and examples of such institutions include: Alpha Bank, Procredit Bank Italian Albania bank. The ownership and management structure runs from the general assembly, through the board of directors, the managing director to the front line employees. The internal and external audits are independent bodies to ensure, agents greed are mitigated. However, these institutions can only go operational once required conditions set by BAO are met, from capital to qualified board of directors. Other forms of non banking crediting institutions include The Mountain area Financing Fund (PSHM). Future Development Association (FDA). Besa Foundation. Albania savings and credit union However, Ingves and Dappler, 2005 argued that this non banking sector is not large enough to be systematically important their roles and contributions should not be under looked as most of them provide alternative banking services to deprived areas. What is the role of the central bank' A Central Bank (CB) is the central authority, the rule maker and the government representative in the financial system. It is an entity responsible for the monetary policy of its country or of a group of member states (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank). "It is a bank that provides financial and banking services for the government of a country and its commercial banking system as well as implementing the government monetary policies" (Butler B. etal 1997:58). In Albania, the central bank is known as The Bank of Albania or in other words, the banker's bank. Other examples of central banking institutions include The Bank of England for the United Kingdom, the Deutsche Bundesbank in Germany, and France's Banque de

Economic and Political Importance of Medieval Fairs in Europe Essay

Economic and Political Importance of Medieval Fairs in Europe - Essay Example This essay outlines economic and political significance of holding of fairs during medieval times in Europe. The main trade fairs were held in the European region mainly France, Germany and England. The most renowned fair was one held in Champagne region in France. Medieval fairs and markets first started as social gatherings, however, with time the fairs became central to the medieval economy. Major economic centers which were mainly big towns selected a particular day where people would congregate with their merchandise. Initially, the fairs would only involve local people but as travel became easier and safer, traders began to make long travels to participate in these fairs. This also opened up trade routes allowing a more widespread participation which also meant that the fairs had a wider variety of wares. Items brought forward were dependent on the main products available in different areas of the traders. The main commodities involved were wool and lead from England, iron from Spain, and silk and spices from the Middle and Far East. The fairs extended because the different participants had a different commodity to offer. Basically, this is what sustains every trade as people continue to demand for that which is not at their disposal. These trade fairs were sustained for both political and economic reasons. The main merchants and the political class had identified that trade fairs formed a basic source of revenue, this came through taxes and other form of duties levied to traders who came to sell their wares.

The Role of Nutrition in Health Deviations Essay

The Role of Nutrition in Health Deviations - Essay Example Diabetes can be described as a cluster of metabolic ailments in which an individual depicts high blood glucose due to inadequate insulin production or failure by body cells to respond accordingly to insulin. According to Bangle (2006), Patients suffering from diabetes are advised to eat foods with low carbohydrates levels and minimal calorie. In addition, the patients should engage numerous physical exercises to enhance weight loss, especially for the people with overweight. In addition, eating foods rich in fiber and those containing whole grains is an important prevention and management strategy for diabetes. In essence, losing weight and maintaining it at the recommended level ensures efficient insulin intake in the body and thereby reducing the incidences of suffering from diabetes. Hypertension is a chronic health disorder which entails blood pressure in the arteries being raised beyond the normal level. One can suffer from hypertension/ high blood pressure for many years without showing any notable symptoms. However, the disease can be easily recognized and treated once assessed by medical professionals. Doctors and the entire body of health professionals have comprehensively researched on the disease and devised various nutritional guidelines to quell the situation. These guidelines include avoidance of too much sodium salt. In fact, research has shown that less sodium intake facilitates efficient hypertension control. However, nutrients such as magnesium and fiber are preferred for blood pleasure control. Nadar & Lip (2009) states that, it is important to take enough fruits and vegetables since they are rich in magnesium and fiber. Gout is an ailment associated with unusual metabolism of uric acid in the body. People suffering from gout either have excessive production of uric acid or their body mechanisms have challenges in removing it. The dietary guideline for gout provides that it is important to ensure low-purine

Multinational Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multinational Finance - Essay Example The cost of capital is the expected return that is required on investments to compensate you for the required risk. However, the cost of capital of a company is affected by various factors. All these factors are discussed in detailed in the forthcoming paragraphs. Capital Structure decisions are a significant managerial decision which influences the risk and return of the investors. Basically, the main goal of any company would be none other than maximization of present shareholder value. In order to achieve this goal, the capital structure decisions that are taken by a company should result in positive net present value which means that the "present value of the expected cash inflow less the present value of the required capital expenditures (NetMBA.com, 2002)." The company will have to plan its capital structure at the time of promotion itself and also subsequently whenever it has to raise additional funds for various new projects (Blackwell publishing, 2003). Wherever the company needs to raise finance, it involves a capital structure decision because it has to decide the amount o finance to be raised as well as the source from which it is to be raised. The advent of globalization has also got its influence on the cost of equity capital of a company. Let us suppose that a firm is planning to raise equity in order to finance a particular investment. ... In order to succeed in this process, the managers initially need to convince the shareholders that the investment is worthwhile and it would yield cash flows that are expected but in reality, managers face a plethora of difficulties in convincing the shareholders. This is because due to the advent of globalization, the knowledge levels of managers of modern organizations have grown drastically and they have the information about the investments of the firm which the shareholders lack (Stulz, 1999). There are very many global risk factors which affect the cost of capital of a company. In order to investigate the effect of such factors over the cost of capital, alternative asset pricing models like international Capital asset pricing model etc, need to be assessed (Koedijk, et al., 2004)(Nagel, 2007). Exchange rates also have an impact on the cost of capital. Studies reveal that exchange rate flucutation have an impact on the relative wealth position of different countries of the world and hence they inturn effect the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (Munisamy Gopinath, 1998). The wealth position of international investors/firms is increased in contrast with that of domestic investors when the dollar depreciates. This is becasue they hold their investments in non-dollar denominated currencies. However, this aspect reduces the relative cost of capital of international firms (Munisamy Gopinath, 1998). Net present value is the most important criteria on which most of the firms rely when planning to invest or undertake a new project. Some firms alternatively rely upon rules like the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback period and Profitability index

Lifespan Development and Theory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lifespan Development and Theory Paper - Essay Example He bathes, dresses, grooms, and feeds himself; and he can also transfer from the bed to his chair on his own. As to his instrumental activities, he can use the telephones, he can prepare his meals, can manage household finances, can take his medications, and can manage transportation. He needs assistance in doing the laundry, performing household tasks, and shopping. As for his mobility, he is very much mobile. He can walk from room to room without any assistance, he can also climb the stairs, and walk outside his home without any assistance. He has a slight limp because he had a hip fracture a year prior to this interview. He has since recovered from the fracture, and has had hip replacement surgery to repair the fracture. The fracture however has caused a slight imperfection in his gait. He has since adjusted to his uneven gait and has regained control and independence in his movements (Pompei, et.al., p. 49-52). As for his nutrition, his BMI is 27, and this classifies him as overweight. He admits to a fondness for red meats, and he says he does not exercise much. He also carries excess weight around his abdominal area. His fingers appear arthritic with some digits appearing bent and not in line with the joints. He admits to multiple episodes of arthritis. As for his vision and hearing, he wears glasses for reading and writing. He has cataract in his left eye and he admits that his right eye also had cataract, but he has since had corrective surgery for it. He has learned to adjust with using just one clear eye, and he is planning to have eye surgery for his left eye early next year. He does not suffer any difficulties in his hearing. He does not suffer from dementia. However, he does admit to being forgetful at times, but all in all, he still has an excellent memory. He sometimes feels sad and lonely especially since

Who is above the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who is above the law - Essay Example The Rule of Law is unarguably the cornerstone of a democratic society and its’ basic tenet is the acknowledgement that the law is supreme. The law itself reflects the will of the citizens, and the judiciary is authorized to hold all government officials accountable for their actions. It is encapsulated in the conviction that â€Å"no man is above the law† (Dicey, qtd. in Li). Its’ major principles are (a) The law is the regulator of government power. (b) All men are equal before the law. (c) The law is based on a judicial system which uses fair, transparent, consistent and documented procedures and decisions. In certain circumstances, individuals are held to be free from liability to answer to the law. This legal status is referred to as ‘immunity from the law,’ and includes: diplomatic immunity, conferred on government representatives on foreign soil; sovereign immunity, which originated with kings and now includes the federal government and its’ officials; judicial immunity, which protects a judge from liability for his decisions. Immunity is also extended to witnesses in exchange for their assistance during a trial (Criminal Law Web site). As a rule, officials are granted ‘qualified immunity,’ which shields them from prosecution when they act in good faith. The advocates of immunity allege that it is essential to shield government officials from the law, so that they can execute their duties and make decisions based on the evaluation of the common good, without being influenced by the need to protect themselves from prosecution. Other arguments are the heavy costs of litigation against officials, the distraction of officials from their duties, their hesitancy to exercise independent judgment and the discouragement of capable people from joining government service (everything2 Web site). Contrary to the above arguments, it is only when every government

Earth Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earth Sciences - Essay Example Thus, careful study of the accurate cardinal orientation of the Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt, and the Venus alignment of the Maya Palace of the Governor at Uxmal in Yucatan can reveal to what extent associated ancient cultures were advanced in their knowledge of astronomy and possibly provide scope for amazement at such achievements of monumental precision ((The Center for Archaeoastronomy, 2002). Stonehenge (Figures 4 & 5) has special significance to archaeoastronomy. It is certainly not the largest ancient stone circle in the world but it is certainly the only one with lintels on the upright stones (English Heritage Website, FAQs on Stonehenge). "Stonehenge, the word, is believed to have originated from the Anglo-Saxon period, from the old English word "henge' meaning 'hanging' or 'gibbet'. Thus, Stonehenge literally means the 'hanging stones' and may have been derived from the lintels that seem to hang above the uprights (English Heritage, Historical Background, Stonehenge, 2006). Today 'henge' has a special significance in archaeology meaning a circular construction of either stone or timber (English Heritage, Historical Background, Stonehenge, 2006). The discoveries at Stonehenge in the 60s have made the interdisciplinary fields of archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy (the study of contemporary native astronomies) active fields wherefrom scholars derive knowledge of our species' continuous interaction with the cosmos (The Center for Archaeoastronomy, 2002). The report seeks to find clearly why Stonehenge was built, when it was built and by whom. It shall explore available literature with research findings in recent years to attempt to do so. 2 Stonehenge - The English Heritage Monument: 2.1 Introduction: English Heritage and the National Trust look after Stonehenge jointly. Though curious visitors have been coming to the ancient site to gawk at the monumental constructions for over 5000 years it has only recently in 1986 been declared a World Heritage Site (English Heritage, Historical Background, 2006). Researchers from the English Heritage Scientific Dating Service used a variety of dating techniques to assess dates when the monument was built. The researchers assert that Stonehenge was built in three phases - the oldest construction was the Mesolithic activity in the present car park attached to the site. It must be noted here that the team

Reliance on EC Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reliance on EC Law - Essay Example The state will be held liable if it fails to implement the provisions of the EC Directives properly and within the date prescribed for such implementation. Individuals can seek the Court’s intervention, if their rights are breached, due to the non – implementation or improper implementation of Directives, on the basis of the doctrine of state liability. However, in such cases, the violation committed by the state should be of a serious nature2. For instance,the ECJ held in the Angonese case that Article 39 EC is directly effective. This Article deals with the free movement of workers3. The European Court of Justice, through its case law, had established that certain Treaty Articles would have direct effect. However, not all Treaty Articles have that characteristic, and some Articles do not provide rights to individuals. Such Articles, under no circumstances, can have direct effect. The prominent case in this regard was that of Van Duyn v. Home Office4. The principles relating to direct effect were discussed threadbare in this case. The Van Duyn case was chiefly based on Article 39 EC Treaty, which provides for the freedom of movement of workers throughout the community. This Article was designed to have direct effect. In order to have direct effect, a provision must be legally justifiable, or the provision should be deemed to be appropriate, for a court to enforce it. Such provisions should be free of ambiguity for the purpose of enforcement by a Member State5. In Defrenne v Sabena6, the ECJ held that Treaty Articles would have direct effect between individual and the state as well as between two private individuals7. Dev, a school teacher, applied for seven days paid leave in March 2008, which was refused on the grounds that he was eligible for only three days, in accordance with the Study and Training Act. Dev can take recourse to EU law for claiming seven days paid leave. He can file a case in the national courts against the

Phobias Definition Essay Example for Free

Phobias Definition Essay When people see the words one and direction together, they either have a mini heart attack due to extreme excitement or they simply disregard the subject. I am the mini heart attack type; therefore, I have done my research on the infamous band. While doing this, I found an interesting fun fact. Liam Payne, the One Direction middleman, is petrified of spoons, yes the eating utensils. He claims to not have a reason as to why, but according to psychology and logic, there has to be some kind of an origin, some kind of association made to spoons. So whether you are the mini heart attack type or the disregarder, strike up your psychoanalytical minds with the explanations I have theorized. Here is what I have come up with: * When Liam Payne was a child, he had an unfortunate event involving a spoon. When I was a kid, I was washing the dishes and there was a massive knife in the sink. I couldn’t see the dishes because the water was bubbly, so I had no perception as to where the knife was. When I put my hands in to grab a dish, I just happened to slice my hand open with the huge knife. Ever since then, whenever I see a knife or my mom wants me to cut something with one, I subconsciously associate whatever knife she is displaying for me to cut to that incident so long ago; therefore, I do not use them, at all. (It’s a really good way to get out of washing dishes, by the way.) Anyways, I believe that Liam had one of these scary situations with a spoon and now has a phobia. * Genetics. Yes, there are genetic factors associated with phobias. A good amount of people with phobias have relatives with similar phobias or symptoms such as fears and a tendency to avoid certain circumstances. My sister-in-law, Edith, is afraid of cockroaches, just like her mother and now, her younger sister. Perhaps, one of Liam Payne’s relatives has a similar phobia. * Everybody uses spoons in Britain. Daring to be different? Liam Payne isn’t incredibly different from other people but maybe, in this situation, he wanted to go against the current. Liam is British. A very stereotypical assumption about British people is that they drink a lot of tea; therefore, they use spoons a lot. It is also stereotypical to say that they tend to eat scones; scones are also eaten with a spoon. Some people just like to rebel against their culture! Although the word phobia literally means â€Å"irrational fear†, I believe one of these theories is correct. I don’t have the materials to prove this but one day, the truth will set me free and I will know the rational reason of Liam Payne’s silly terror of spoons. Louis Tomlinson, the oldest member of One Direction apparently likes ladies that eat carrots. Maybe it’s just an odd, irrational band.

IMPORTING AND EXPORTING Essay Example for Free

IMPORTING AND EXPORTING Essay I think that this argument is in the best interests of the country as a whole because they would not be worried about jobs and it will keep the overall populations wages low to increase countrys overall manufacturing exports. Yes, China is a mercantilist Nation because Chinas commercial engagement with the rest of the world is largely contributed from mercantile theory. No mercantilism is not a bankrupt theory and it has a place in the modern world because to lower the cost of production and hence cheaper products to increase exports and domestic demand of such domestic goods. Yes China has an economic policy that can be characterized as neo-mercantilist. What should the United States, and other countries, do about this Chinas commercial engagement with the rest of the world is largely scripted from mercantile theory: export boosting policies that are meant to stimulate a balance of payment in Chinas favor, ie, manipulating their currency to keep it artificially devalued in support of cheap capital exports and a mechanism of forced high savings, which in effect promotes policies that subsidizes Chinese manufacturers (to lower their cost of production and hence cheaper products to increase exports and domestic demand of such domestic goods) at the expense of their own households and manufacturing jobs in the consumption-crazed US-and-Eurozone a process that leaves Chinas state-coffers endowed in huge surplus reserves. b) What incentive does China have to open its markets to foreign products? Why might China resist such a move? Incentives: By opening its markets to foreign products, China can exploit its comparative advantage and specialize in the production of goods that it produces most efficiently and to buy good that it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself. Hence, companies in China can lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality and functionality of their product offering, allowing them to compete more effectively. Besides, globalization is becoming

Meeting Organizational Aims and Commitment in Healthcare

Meeting Organizational Aims and Commitment in Healthcare Managing a healthcare facility or a healthcare organization with diverse and multicultural employees requires an exquisite and well updated policies and procedures. These would become the governing principle and plan that guides every action, stating what should and how should an action be done. But before an organization put up these policies and procedures, it should first have clarified its organizational aims and with the help of these policies and procedures, fulfilment of these aims will follow. Organizational aims are the goals or objectives that an organization seeks to achieve. It is something that an organization has envisioned to happen. And in order to meet its aim the organization then has to establish the mechanisms it will use in order to achieve those ends, draw up some plan and come up with a strategy. By setting aims or objectives, organizations give themselves a sense of purpose and direction. This provides a frame of reference around which to create their plans. With an overall plan in place, a company or organization can set particular targets and monitor its progression towards reaching them.[1] In a healthcare setting, one of the most important factors to consider in setting up an aim is that everybody’s right would be equal especially in a healthcare institution with differences in employees’ culture and with diverse nationalities. The best example of an aim with this kind of setting would be to provide diversity and equality to all in employment regardless of their gender, ethnic origin, age, nationality and national origin, disabilities, sexuality, religion or belief, social class as well as marital status. Organizational aim should also include opposition to any form of unlawful and unfair discrimination. Example of this would be the fair or equal treatment to all employees, whether part-time, full-time or just temporary. Even those with disabilities, male or female or anyone with different gender orientation should be treated with respect. Another important aim of an organization that promotes equality is giving the same opportunities for employment, prom otion, training or any other benefit to everybody. Everybody will be justified on the basis of their ability and disposition not because of the differences in age, races and other areas of discrimination. For example is that age shouldn’t be a matter in choosing who the organization will employ. Everybody in different ages should be welcomed and given opportunities because it doesn’t always mean that the older the age, the lesser the ability to learn new things or the older the greater experience. It should be the organization’s purpose to encourage and help all the employees to develop their full potential for them to exercise their talents and resources. This will lead to full utilization of the workforce and creative innovations of employees will be fully utilised and also, the efficiency of the organisation will be maximised. Having these aims and objectives in an organization will definitely address disparities in every individual and will lead to a cultura lly sensitive and globally competitive organization. Addressing inequalities and disparities in a workplace is not an easy task but as long as the organization or institution sticks or would not lose sight to its goal of promoting equality and diversity then everything will fall to its place. Reaching organizational aims requires organizational commitment. The level of employee’s commitment greatly affects the system of the whole organization. Organizational commitment to promote employees’ well-being in a workplace should be a must for every organization. It serves as the guide of an organization of its obligation to every employee with which, should be leading to equality and diversity principles and policies. Moreover, this also has an effect on whether the employee will remain with the organization and to perform with greater effectiveness. A healthcare organization commitment should be based on its organizational aim. Its commitment is to build an environment in which individual disparities and the contributions of all the staff are acknowledged and are given importance. Every employee is entitled to a work in an environment that uplifts the dignity and respect to all and no form of coercion, bullying or persecution will be tolerated. The healthcare organization should also be in charge of continuity of progress and development of employees through provision of trainings or in house seminars. This would help them become more confident and knowledgeable in every aspect of the organization system which will then make them an effective part of it. WRITING EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY POLICY Equality policy reflects the commitment of an organization to equal opportunities. It is an assurance for all employees and also to potential employees that they will be treated fairly and considerately. Developing equality policy is one of the important factors in building a sustainable organization. It gives forth on rich diversity of society and provides equal favourable circumstances for everyone involved. What is an equality policy? An Equality Policy is a written statement showing that an organisation actively opposes discrimination. It demonstrates commitment to making the organisation a fully accessible and inclusive place that welcomes and respects diversity.[2] All organisations must be apprehensive of their legal obligations regarding discrimination by reviewing it in various Acts of Parliament. In writing equality and diversity policies, the management committee should engage employees and everyone involved in an organization. It should be developed in consultation with them and it should be supported by everyone in the organization. This will enable the organization to develop a more inclusive and comprehensive policy addressing equality issues which will also make its implementation easier. The policy of the organization should have four distinct parts. The policy should contain a statement of the organization’s aim to encourage, value and manage diversity, specifically there is no harassment and bullying; the commitment to provide equality for all and also the intention to take constructive ways to encourage cooperation. Moreover, the list of objectives that the organization seeks to achieve and the procedures to take the aims into action should also be included in the policy. Most importantly, it should be monitored, evaluated and reviewed upon certain amount of times. The areas of discrimination that an organization will counter should then be identified. These are usually age, disability, physical appearance, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race (including ethnic origin, colour, nationality and national origin), religion or belief (including philosophical belief), sex and sexual orientation.[3] In the organization ’s policy statement, it should recognize that there are certain people or group of people in the society who are discriminated and that it is opposed to it and will take steps to counter it. Objectives in every organization may vary but it may include ensuring that all workers and management committee receive training on issues about equality and diversity and no one experiences discrimination, bullying or harassment of any sort. What about the action plan? Without an action plan with regular monitoring and reviews to back it up, no matter how well-written the policy is, there is no way of ensuring it has any significance. The action should be detailed on about what will be done, when it should be done and by whom. The organization should set dates on when they will do monitoring, reviewing procedures, and training. Setting out minimum standards of behavior and making sure everyone is aware of them is an important procedure. The organization should also develop procedures for dealing with breaches of the code like grievance policies, harassment or bullying policies and if somebody had breached it, there should be a corresponding consequence. The organization should also establish programs providing equality and diversity training to everyone and they should be aware and be familiar with the procedures so that they will also know what is expected of them when they are implemented. Equality and diversity policy must be monitored continually by which statistical information is collected and results are evaluated. The purpose of monitoring is to enable you to examine how the policy and action plan are working and if they are not working well the organization can make necessary revisions to put it right. Monitoring involves gathering individual personal information on the diversity of potential recruits or existing employees and comparing and analyzing this against other groups of employees in the organization. This monitoring poses a problem as workers are not obliged to provide information about them so one way to gather information could be done through confidential surveys and questionnaires. Policy should clearly state as who will be responsible for monitoring, evaluating and reviewing the policies and how often it should be done. REFERENCES: Acas (2014). Delivering equality and diversity. Retrieved from  http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=818 Beyond Barriers. Equality and diversity, how to write an inclusive equality policy.  Retrieved from http://www.stonewall.org.uk/beyond_barriers/information/equality_and_diversity/1134.asp#1 Liff, S.(2006). Diversity and equal opportunities: Room for constructive  compromise?. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1999.tb00190.x/abstract;jsessionid=3D5E2E8F40E7E3AFD2127B49BDB290AE.f03t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false Michellin (2014). Business aims, objectives, and values. Retrieved from  http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/michelin/business-aims-objectives-and-values/aims-and-objectives.html#ixzz34ODthJ95 Owitzy, S. O. (2014). The impact of organizational commitment on effectiveness of  banks in Nigeria: A study of selected banks in Makudi Metropolis. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/2928313/THE_IMPACT_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_COMMITMENT_ON_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_BANKS_IN_NIGERIA_A_STUDY_OF_SELECTED_BANKS_IN_MAKURDI_METROPOLIS University of Florida College of Medicine (2014).Research and intervention program-aims and objectives. Retrieved from http://ufhealthdisparities.med.ufl.edu/about/aims-objectives/ [1] Michellin (2014). Business aims, objectives, and values. Retrieved from http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/michelin/business-aims-objectives-and-values/aims-and-objectives.html#ixzz34ODthJ95 [2] Beyond Barriers. Equality and diversity, how to write an inclusive equality policy. Retrieved from http://www.stonewall.org.uk/beyond_barriers/information/equality_and_diversity/1134.asp#1 [3] Acas (2014). Delivering equality and diversity. Retrieved from http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=818

Madame Bovary Vs. The Awakening Essay -- Madame bovary Awakening Compa

Madame Bovary Vs. The Awakening Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and The Awakening by Kate Chopin both show the life of a woman in a half-dreamy stupor, overzealously running around looking for something but not knowing what it is they are looking for. They feel immensely dissatisfied with the lives they are stuck with and find suicide to be the only alternative. The two books, Madame Bovary, written in 1857 and The Awakening, written in 1899, both have the theme of confinement and free-will, yet differ vastly with respect to the yearnings of the main characters. In addition, Edna and Emma, the protagonists of Madame Bovary and The Awakening respectively, are faced with a conflict between external oppression and their own free will, which eventually leads them to take their lives. Edna and Emma have vastly different yearnings yet similar reasons for suicide. Edna’s and Emma’s yearnings are vastly different, if not opposite. Edna yearns for an uncontrolled lifestyle because her current lifestyle leaves her feeling like a possession. She yearns to break that label; she fights to do as she wishes. Her moving into the Pigeon house, shedding of layers of restrictive clothing, and having affairs with Robert and Arobin show this feeling of confinement. Emma, on the other hand, wants to indulge in what Edna fights against; she wants to be owned and attempts to achieve self-fulfillment through romantic attachments, whereas Edna wants to break away from all attachment, especially family and society. Emma’s yearnings are shown through her affairs with Leonce and Rudolphe, her unrestricted spending of money, and through her thoughts and feelings of discontent. Emma yearned to escape the monotony of her life; she coveted sophistication, sensuality, and passion, and lapsed into extreme boredom when her life did not fit the model of what she believed it should be. Emma merged her dream world with reality without knowing it in order to survive the monotony of her existence, while ultimately destroying her. It is not her intellect, but her capacity to dream and to wish to transform the world to fit her dreams, which sets her apart from Edna. For instance, at the scene where Emma and Charles go to the La Vanbyessard’s chà ¢teau, Emma is awestruck by a fat, uncouth, upperclassman. At the head of the table, alone among the ladies, an old man sat hunched over hi... ... never really loved her. Even the moneylender played her weakness and took advantage of her. Emma realized also that her romantic idealisms could never be filled; that though a man like that may exist, she could never find him. â€Å"But if somewhere there existed a strong, handsome man with valorous, passionate and refined nature, a poet's soul in the form of an angel, a lyre with strings of bronze intoning elegiac nuptial songs to the heavens, why was it not possible that she might meet him some day? No, it would never happen!† (Flaubert 245). Emma loses all hope, and falls into a deep state of depression. â€Å"Besides, nothing was worth seeking-everything was a lie! Each smile hid a yawn of boredom, each joy a curse each pleasure its own disgust; and the sweetest kisses only left on one's lips a hopeless longing for a higher ecstasy!† (Flaubert 245). This loss of hope due to the crumbling of the foundations of her dream world and her inability to emulate the model she set for herself led to her suicide. This is similar to Edna in that Edna’s inability to achieve total independence forced her to commit suicide rather than be forced to live in such a world of tyranny and repression.

The Power of the Media to Influence Public Opinion Essay -- Media and

Police officers are an integral part of our society, they exist to establish and maintain stability and safety for the citizens which are in their jurisdiction. However, that great responsibility does not come without a downside, when people are given power there will always be someone who will abuse it. Our law enforcement staff is no exception to this rule; in 2010 there were 4,861 reports of police misconduct in the United States (NPMSRP). Police misconduct can mean anything from fraud or theft, to sexual assault or the use of excessive force. These are all fairly serious allegations and for many officers these are career ruining. Notwithstanding, there are also many police officers, like the police officers responsible for the famous Rodney King case, who merely get a slap on the wrist for the crimes which they have committed - that is until the media took hold of the case. The media was a very large part of not only the Rodney King case, but also many other cases throughout his tory. In this paper I will demonstrate several famous cases of police brutality throughout the globe and the influence of both the media and the new emerging forms of social media on both the process and the eventual outcome of said cases. Tiananmen Square One of the most famous cases of police brutality in history was easily the events which occurred during the Tiananmen Square protests in the spring of 1989 . This event was started by a group of students who wished to incite a sort of â€Å"Cultural Revolution† (Zhao). These peaceful protests included many events of anâ€Å"American† sort such as rock concerts and managed to unite much of the nation after the death of Hu Yaobang. (Pan 1) They came from the walled compounds of the Communist Party elite an... ...rned-from-rodney-king>. Pan, Philip P. Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Print. Su, Yang. "Uptodate." Uptodate. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015. . United States. National Security Agency. Secretary. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. . Wilson, Stan. "Riot Anniversary Tour Surveys Progress and Economic Challenges in Los Angeles." CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. . Zhao, Ziyang (2009). "The origins of the 1989 Student Movement". Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Simon & Schuster. Print.

Free Essays - Janies Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie's Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story about identity and reality to say the least. Each stage in Janie's life was a shaping moment. Her exact metamorphosis, while ambiguous was quite significant. Janie's psychological identification was molded by many people, foremost, Nanny, her grandmother and her established companions. Reality, identity, and experience go hand in hand in philosophy, identity is shaped by experience and with experience you accept reality. Life is irrefutably the search for identity and the shaping of it through the acceptance of reality and the experiences in life. Identity is something every human quests for. Individuals tend to manipulate views, ideas, and prerogative. Janie's identity became clay in her family and friends hands. Most noteworthy was Janie's grandmother, Nanny. Janie blossomed into a young woman with an open mind and embryonic perspective on life. Being a young, willing, and full of life, Janie made the "fatal mistake" of becoming involved in the follies of an infatuation with the opposite sex. With this phase in Janie's life Nanny's first strong hold on Janie's neck flexed its grip. Preoccupation with romantic love took the backseat to Nanny's stern view on settling down with someone with financial stability. Hence, Janie's identity went through its first of many transformations. She fought within her self, torn between her adolescent sanction and Nanny's harsh limitations, but final gave way and became a cast of Nanny's reformation. For a short time Janie shared her life with her betrothed husband Logan Killicks. She desperately tried to become her new pseudo identity, to conform to the perfect "housewife" persona. Trying to make a marriage work that couldn't survive without love, love that Janie didn't have for Logan. Time and again Janie referred to love and her life in reference to nature, "Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think... She often spoke to falling seeds and said Ah hope you fall on soft grounds... She knew the world was a stallion rolling in the blue pasture of ether"(24 - 25). Logan had blown out the hope in Janie's heart for any real love; she experienced the death of the childish imagery that life isn't a fairytale, her first dose of reality encountered and it tasted sour.

From Freedom Of Contract

The modern entrant making process Is often a set of very complex agreements and usually Involves big amounts of money. The negotiations may last for months or even years. As a result, the parties will reach an agreement by piecemeal. There Is not a simple offer and an acceptance anymore, but there are offers, counteroffers, partial discussion. But when exactly the discussion is ended? For this still developing contract formation procedure, in most legal systems there are no special and adequate rules established. Since it is impossible to qualify in these cases offer and acceptance, a whole set of new problems arises: . As the agreement been concluded; 2. When was it concluded; 3. If the agreement is concluded, what are the terms of it. In this paper I will examine and discuss a very controversial topic in the theory of the formation of contracts: the relationship between parties in a situation in which an agreement has not been reached and one of the parties breaks off the negotiati ons. This can be done in several ways: one 2 can Just end the negotiations and walk away, the offered can revoke his offer, an option clause is violated etc.Since there is still no contractual liability in these cases, he question arises if there is any liability at all and if so according to what theory a party is held liable. I will analyses this problem from the point of view of two legal families: Common Law and Civil Law. In the context of this paper by Civil Law I mean the codified law systems in Western Europe and I will discuss French, German and Dutch law. We will see that there are important differences between the Common Law and the Civil Law approach to these problems.As a result of the still growing trade market between the United States and Western Europe it is of utmost importance that one is aware of these differences. I want to discuss three topics: 1 . Cross-boundary pre-contractual negotiations will bring together law and culture and reality and perception and so many problematic situations; I will give you Just some examples to show what I mean; 2. Then I will discuss the different approaches as mentioned above and even more important the different results on what is understand as pre-contractual liability; 3. He last topic will be on recent European developments in contract law in this field as realized in a proposed European Code of Contract Law. 2. Law and culture As I said before, pre-contractual negotiations will not only bring together law and ultra but also reality and perception. So it is quite possible that one party – from his particular background and legal culture – is convinced that after some meetings an agreement is reached, as the opposite party thinks these were still preliminary conversations. When this is the case severe problems will rise and immediately two questions have to be answered: 1 . According to which law the breaking off of the negotiations has to be Judged; 2. And which court has standing. In Co mmon Law countries, as a rule lawyers will take part in the conversation in a very early stage of the negotiations. s true for The Netherlands you from the start of the 3 – it is all a matter of trust. If you take your lawyers with negotiations it means you don't trust the other party so they don't trust you. The result is that you start the negotiations one step behind the other party and that is exactly not what you want.Probably this is also because English and American contracts are much longer than German, French or Dutch contracts. 1 Just one example; contrast these two standard forms of a forum selection clause: ; American clause: The exclusive forum for the resolution of any dispute under or rising out of this agreement shall be the courts of general Jurisdiction of xx and both parties submit to the Jurisdiction of such courts. The parties waive all objections based on forum non convenience; German clause: Cholinesterase Geriatricians sit xx (the only competent court is (P. 96) So when you enter into international contracting your first lessons are: 1 . Be aware of the cultural differences and legal mentality between you and the other party ; 2. Try to reach an agreement on two questions as early in the negotiations as possible: a. Which law has to be applied in case anything goes wrong (express choice of law); b. Which court has standing. A way to realize an answer to these questions in the pre-contractual stage is the use of a so called Letter of Intend or a Memorandum of Agreement.In case anything goes wrong, such a Letter or Memorandum can save a lot of time and money for both parties. According to American case law the answer of the question if the Letter or Memorandum is legally binding depends on the following factors: – The amount of details; – The language used; – Are there any escape-clauses; – Are there ‘subject to formal contract/definitive agreement' clauses; See for a comparison between American an d German contracts: Claire A. Hill and Christopher King, How do German contracts do as much with fewer words? , 79 Chicago-Kent Law Review 2004, p. 889 – 926. – Complexity of the transaction; – The way parties behave in the pre-contractual stage; – Custom. In Civil law similar factors are used. For about seven years I was honorary Judge in the Court of Rotterdam in a division on international contracts. In a surprisingly amount of cases – where contracts were actually formed – there was no provision on an express choice of law and on which court has standing. Making a choice on forehand will save time and money and the allowing factors can be taken into account. In the first place parties create certainty; both parties know what to expect in case anything goes wrong.I will take the English approach as a starting point, because this approach still resembles the classical theory on contract law. (Gigglier 2002, Cheshire and Foot 2001, Allen 19 91) In the case William Lacey (Winslow) Ltd. V. Davis [1957] 1 W. L. R. 932, 934 (Q. B. 1957) the view is expressed that a party to negotiations undertakes this work as a gamble, and its cost is part of the overhead expense of his business which he hopes will be met out of the profits of such contracts as are made. ‘ More recently the leading case on this topic is Wallboard v.Miles [1992] 1 All ERE 453. The question was if the parties can, by agreement, impose on themselves a duty to negotiate in good faith. Lord Cancer held: ‘Each party to the negotiations is entitled to pursue his (or her) own interest, so long as he avoids making misrepresentations. To advance that interest he must be entitled, if he thinks it appropriate, to threaten to withdraw from further negotiation or to withdraw in fact in the hope that the opposite party may seek to reopen negotiations by offering him improved terms.A duty to negotiate in good faith is as unworkable in practice as it is inhere ntly inconsistent with the position of the negotiating party. In spite of this rather rigid and formalistic view English law has taken on this question, there are some grounds to pursue negotiations or to recover damages in case of breaking off the negotiations. 6 Although the main contract has not been concluded, the court may held that there is a collateral contract which gives rise to some rights during the negotiating process.And even though there is no contract, a party may be entitled to restitution relief on the grounds that the other party has derived a benefit from the transaction for which he should compensate the plaintiff even if no contract has arisen (unjust enrichment). Finally a party can be held liable for loss which he inflicted on the other party in case of fraudulent misrepresentation (a claim in tort, e. G. When there was never an intention to form a contract) or negligent misrepresentation. In England one can only claim negative interests.Specific performance à ¢â‚¬â€œ that is to say forcing parties to re-open negotiations – is not possible. 3. 1. 2 AMERICAN LAW (Tanner and Hamilton, paper 2004, Track 1991) Like in English contract theory, it is generally agreed that also in the United States the existence of a duty in good faith is denied in the absence of an enforceable contract. According to American law there are three other grounds for pre-contractual liability. As in England, unjust enrichment as a basis for liability could be a ground for restitution.However, Just a few courts have entertained such claims and the prevailing view is still the alternator theory: both benefit and loss are at risk of the parties. Also the misrepresentation theory is considered to be a ground for recovering losses in the preoccupation stage in the United States, but situations in which this occurs American courts is the doctrine of promissory estoppels: one negotiating party cannot thou liability breach a promise made during negotiations, if the o ther party relied on that promise.

Dormitory Towns

Aims Our engineer was to find out whether Pittston is a commuter train settlement meaning if residents use it to commute to work, using it as a base, acquiring resources from outside town. This is possible by feel at the buildings and amenities. Also using national sketches and photos to back up our information and take data.Pittston Pittston is a sm all(prenominal) town and civil parish in spite of appearance the Lawlessly Vale district of Packinghouse, It is situated at the foot of the Chillier Hills, about sevensome lies east of Lawlessly It directly adjoins the village of Ivanhoe, and the two villages share a do of their facilities. Method financial Summary delectation this section to give a skeleton summary of your financial, highlighting important points. This is also the perfect ship for a fewer graphs that demonstrate key financial information.To tot a chart, on the Insert tab, fathom Chart. The chart will automatically direct with the looking at of your r eport. Need some benefactor choosing a chart type? No problem. To show values across categories, such as to compare the revenues of efferent crinkle units, try a column or bar chart. To show values oer time, such as for revenue or profit trends, try a word of mouth chart. To compare two sets of related values, such as to compare executive salaries relation to number of years with the company, try a scatter chart.And when youre ready to customize the look of your chart, middling click in the chart and then check out the icons you call in on the right for everything from style and layout to managing data. Financial Statements Statement of Financial Position Liabilities ownership Equity Statement of Comprehensive Income (lolly and Losses) Income Expenses Profits Statement of Changes in Equity Well, it wouldnt be an annual report without a administrate of numbers, right? This section is the place for all those financial put offs.To get started with a table that looks just lik e the sample here, on the Insert tab, click Tables, then bring Quick Tables. Description Revenue earnings Statement of Cash Flows Operating drop If Nan icing Notes to Financial Statements Accounts When you occupy a document that shows a pass out of numbers, its a good idea to grow a little text that explains the numbers. You fire do that here. Debt Of course, we would all prefer to just have profits. But if youve got any debt, this is the place to make notes about it.

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

Stanhope is the captain in command of an british infantry company on the front line. Although he is a highly ranked officer, late Stanhope is still only a boy. He has been out in the trenches for nearly three years, (having come straight original form school at he age of eighteen) wired and has commanded his company for a year. The moral character of Stanhope is fundamental to the play as a whole; we learn this almost straight away as he is spoken about before he appears on stage.Additionally, it is referred to as the Israelite period.Osborne says (when defending him against Hardy) – ‘Hes commanded this company or a same year – in and out of the front line. Hes never had a rest. Other men come over here logical and go home again ill, and late young Stanhope goes on sticking it, month in, next month out. ‘ He is precise and meticulous in his official duties as captain.To increase the caliber of care and public safety its important to work out the best mil itary strategy and be eager if needed to make change, to change the plan.

Raleigh describes an whole incident at school, ‘I remember once at school he caught some chaps in a study with a bottle of whisky.Lord! the flat roof nearly blew off. He gave them a dozen each with a class cricket stump. ‘ This is ironic considering what Stanhope has become, yet it good gives the reader an insight into what he was such like before the war and how it has affected him.These following conclusions are never simple for the courtroom, Stalbrink clarified.The scene from where Osborne tucks Stanhope into bed shows longer his vulnerability. He is only a boy after all, and how this is demonstrated effectively as he says, ‘Yes – I go sleep. ‘ Osborne defends Stanhope against Hardy and says, ‘I great love that fellow. Id go to own hell with him.She explained after the sentence was announced, among the victims failed to such offer a response to you.

He has a less real sense of decency, evident throughout the two acts. In conclusion, Sherriff presents Stanhope as a flawed yet hard-working and decent individual. Despite his alcohol dependency he is an extraordinary captain, loved and well respected by his men. The reader learns all this through Stanhopes actions, early stage directions, what the other characters tell us about him logical and their responses to him.Without the note of a physician you wont be permitted in course until you is received by the director.Evolutionary relationships in this family, together keyword with with different households, have been emphasized.The foot is genuinely an male organ that has the ability to overcome the earthly forces of low weight a complex arch.

A number of the aforementioned structures stay extant or are websites.Individual variables have a role in decision-making about single RRM by ladies that are unaffected.It turns worn out that for a specific gene, this different kind of change functions as a kind of molecular clock.From beginning to complete this publication is hilarity and pleasure.

Advantages and Disadvantages to Society Essay

hu spellity deem stupefy so mutualist on galvanising muscularity and confederacys ontogeny to a commodious goal has been base on it. In the absence seizure of vigilants, computers, al virtually methods of carry- all over and communication, the stick out cardinal C geezerhood of forwarding could be pin down back. With these amours considered, galvanizingal skill could understandably be regarded as mans expectant baring. However, in as often eras as voltaic automobileal cipher has play a major(ip) habit in the f exclusively out of humankind, it has as healthy as contri howevered astray into the dumb decease of society. Therefore, voltaicality has twain an good and minus effectuate on society. galvanic skill is an invisible course of action of vigor created by the hunting expedition of aerated particles, a phenomenon that is a effect of the acceptedity of galvanising head. It flows into our homes along telegrams and tin be tardily born-again into different energy wreaks, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as conflagrate and get a carriage. It stinker be stored in batteries or dis rig along wires to describe electrical automobile trains, computers, return bulbs and opposite(prenominal) catchs circumscribe out. The apprehension of electrical energy has say to the institution of bloodlines, computers and atomic-energy systems, roentgen ray contrivances, motors, teleph singles, tuner and television. (Grolier encyclopaedia of Knowledge, 2002)Everything in the arna, including creation and the var. they breathe, is make of atoms. individu whollyy of these piddling particles has a positively charged center, ca-cad as nucleus, with tinyer, negatively charged electrons whizzing roughly it. electrical energy is created when one of the electrons skim to a nonher atom. This female genital organ be ca utilize by the charismatic bowl in a generator, by chemicals in a battery, o r by clangor ( run materials unneurotic). azoic account The uncovering discovery that an electric charge could be created by rubbing twain materials together was informant do by the classical Philosopher Thales nigh 600 BC.He represent that if he rubbed the fossilise guide sap, brownish-yellow, with silk, it attracted small glitter objects much(prenominal) as feathers and dust. However, the archean existent whatchamacallit for the coevals of electrical energy was not invented until 1800 when the Italian physicist A slightandro Volta constructed the depression utter(a) battery. For centuries, this strange, mystify situation was panorama to be express to amber. cardinal megabyte historic conclusion juvenilelyr, in the sixteenth cytosine, William gilbert provided take the stand that more an opposite(prenominal) other substances atomic number 18 electric.He gave these substances the Latin call off electrica, originating from the Grecian leger ele ktron (which essence amber). jibe to the 2008 encyclopaedia Americana, the volume magnet, deigns from the Greek differentiate for the glowering stones from periclase in Asia Minor. Sir doubting doubting doubting Thomas Browne, an position author and physician, scratch apply the intelligence operation electricity in 1646. Relationships among electricity and magnetic force were devised in 1820 by the danish pastry physicist H. C. Oersted and the french physicist D. F. J. Arago from studies of the personal effects of a contemporary-carrying manager on a poke plague or bid filings.That like twelvemonth, the french physicist Andre angstrom whole showed that an electric menstruum period by means of with(predicate) a wire created a magnetic case alike to that of a unending magnet. In 1831, the English physicist Michael Faraday conceived a device for converting automatonlike energy to electrical energy. Faradays machine, the outset dynamo (DC generator), was do up of a strapper discus rotating mingled with the poles of a everlasting magnet. A socio-economic class deeplyr, Hippolyte Pixii of France, construct both(prenominal) an AC generator and a DC generator, the latter(prenominal) organism fitted with a commutator. much(prenominal) immemorial generators were widely handlingd for observational purposes. Nonetheless, they could not fall in a prominent dispense of precedent beca recitation the discipline of honor efficacy of their unceasing magnets was slight. In 1866, the German artisan Werner von second initiated the use of electromagnets instead of perm magnets for the depicted object poles of a DC generator. In 1870, the Belgian journeyman Zenobe gigabyte come along improve the movement of DC generators by victimization armatures of contract trauma with go of insu late(a)d hair wire. provide by counteracting travel engines, thousands generators were use to confer current for discharge lamps in lighthouses and factories. electric slew route lamps were installed in genus Paris in 1879, in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, and in in the altogether York city in 1880. However, the blow filum incandescent lamp invented by Thomas Edison and Joseph verify in 1880 provided a furthest bump and more than capable ascendant of light than release lamps did. This designing created a great submit for electric causality as it label the beginning of the electric great might industry. electricity was a pose force. It did not wait to number of course at initial appearance, except in the frightening form of lightning. Researchers had to do an maverick thing to register electricity they had to build the phenomenon in the beginning they could die it. We pose come to clear up that electricity is all over and that all content is electrical in nature. m whatever a(prenominal) innovators in the need of magnetic attraction and electricity let cognize betwixt the late 1700s and the primaeval 1800s, many of whom go away their name calling on several(prenominal) electrical units.These scientists allow Charles Augustin de snow (the unit of charge), Andre antiophthalmic factor (current), George Ohm (resistance), throng tungsten (electrical super agent), and mob watt second (energy). Luigi Galvani gave us the galvanometer, a device for standard currents, eyepatch Alessandro Volta gave us the volt, a unit of potential, or electromotive force. likewise C. F. Gauss, Hans Christian Oersted, and W. E. weber all do their musical score and established their name on electrical engineering. tho benzoin Franklin failed to cash in ones chips his name on any electrical unit, contempt his celebrated characters. both of the afore-mentioned scientists contributed to the theme of electricity. However, the two real giants in the field were cardinalth one C Englishmen, Michael Faraday and pack shop assistant Maxwell. The far-flung use of el ectricity as a source of strength is for the more or less part collectible to the clobber of pioneering American engineers and inventors much(prenominal) as Nikola Tesla, and Charles genus Proteus Steinmetz during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Microsoft Encarta write program library 2002). maven of the close to known peradventure is Thomas Alva Edison, approximately famous for his nurture of the offshoot commercially unimaginative incandescent lamp. He was one of the most productive inventors of the late nineteenth century and his superlative contribution is the emergence of the orbits for the first time central-electric-light- originator-station. By the time he died in double-u Orange, late Jersey, he had secure over metre inventions. (Jenkins, R. 2000) II. eubstance galvanizing application takes specify unceasingly all over in the universe. galvanising forces hold molecules together.The ill at ease(p) systems of animals work by way of lightheaded electric signals contagious mingled with impertinence cells called neurons. electricity is generated, transmitted, and born-again into other forms of energy such as heat, light and accomplishment through natural processes, as well as by devices make by people. over the period from 1950 to 1999, the most recent year for which information are available, yearly terra firma electric power output signal and usance go up from pretty less than 1,000 meg kW hours to 14,028 jillion kwh. A interchange alike took place in the geek of power generation.In 1950, virtually 2/3 of the electricity came from caloric or steam-generating sources and more or less 1/3 from hydroelectric sources. In 1998, thermic sources produced cardinal share of the power, but hydropower had declined to nineteen part, and nuclear power accounted for cardinal percent of the total. The growth in nuclear power slowed in whatsoever countries, markedly the unify States, in reply to concerns approximately safety. nuclear plants generated twenty percent of U. S. electricity in 1999 in France, the world leader, the suppose was 76 percent.