Minimum Wage Essay Example

Minimum Wage Essay Example Minimum Wage Essay Minimum Wage Essay Increasing the lower limit pay has been considered to be one factor that consequences in higher unemployment rate. Assorted writers on this capable lineation different positions on the effects of increasing the lower limit pay on unemployment rate. One survey shows that consequence on increasing the lower limit pay varies in different economic systems. Another says increasing pay rates does non impact unemployment rate. And. there are besides surveies which indicate that there is an consequence although non that important in impacting business loss. This paper aims to show issues that will supply clear positions on whether an addition in the minimal pay consequences in higher unemployment rate. Wage rate is the representation of the non-existent to the slightest bargaining power of the work force ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Increasing the lower limit pay is done to relieve poorness. ( Macpherson. 2005 ; Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Its chief end is to assist low-wage workers uplift their income and get by up with the lifting cost of life ( Page. et Al. . 1999 ) . However. it has been criticized because of its sick consequence on employers’ concern. It has been said that an addition in the minimal pay rate would do unemployment. There had been surveies about the effects of the minimal pay rate hiking. but they do non indicate out to one result. Different economic systems have different results when subjected to minimum pay addition ( Fields and Kanbur. 2005 ) . Different states have comparative consequences when an addition in the pay rate is implemented. However. it will surely be effectual for the low-wage earners. An analysis made by Burkhauser and Sabia ( 2005 ) showed that an addition in the minimal pay rate has non been effectual every bit far as poverty relief is concerned because the addition was given merely to low-wage earners. Other workers gaining higher pay but were besides within the poorness degree were non granted similar addition. as such merely those employed in minimal pay rate occupations were able to recognize the benefits. The consequence of the pay rate. in this instance. does non needfully turn to the demands of those with low incomes. Not all people that are in demand of the pay addition are working at a minimum-wage gaining business. Increasing the lower limit pay is besides believed to be favourable for the hapless working work forces and adult females. However. its effects are far from helpful. in fact. increasing the lower limit pay is hurtful to concern and may ensue to unemployment. The pay hiking will do the wage of low-wage occupations to be tantamount to the wages of those in higher occupation degrees. Since these occupations have higher demands in footings of accomplishments. the least skilled are more likely to be laid off from work. A minimal pay rate hiking and its consequence on unemployment were seen in the survey of Brown ( 1988 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . An addition in the pay rate caused a little lessening in the employment of adolescents. The lessening upheld the theorized addition in unemployment rate for an addition in the minimal pay rate. A survey besides showed that it is non a affair of how much the labourer is gaining. the wage that a worker receives. which will better in instance of a minimal pay addition. but the employment position of the worker. These workers are more likely to be dismissed when a company suffers loss. in the signifier of higher operational costs. as a consequence of lower limit pay hiking. ( Deere. 1998 ) . The survey farther showed that non all workers gaining a minimal pay rate are really hapless and may non in demand of the addition ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Most of the workers that will profit from pay addition are the immature workers. aged 24 or younger ( Macpherson. 2005 ) . The workers that are aged 24 or younger are largely employed in these minimum-wage earning businesss. In add-on. a higher pay would intend more interested workers but due to the excess of workers. a herding out would happen or less hours of work would be allotted per individual. This would ensue to a diminution in the net incomes of each worker ( Page. et Al. . 1999 ) . Macpherson’s survey ( 2005 ) in Pennsylvania indicated that an addition in the minimal pay rate would truly be dearly-won for employers and therefore. lead to mass laying-off of workers. Few houses are able to go on operation given the addition in pay rates. hence merely few workers are needed. The company may retain more workers but may cut down the working hours for each employee. In both instances. the low pay earners are the 1s affected because they may acquire the coveted addition in pay but may stop up passing small clip for work. hence cut downing their income. However. a survey indicated that retail occupations are the lone occupations which prove that higher lower limit pay rates decrease the employment ( Fox. 2006 ) . For other houses. it would be better to prosecute in other plans that may advance addition in work-hours alternatively of increasing the minimal pay rate to actuate employees. One manner to relieve poorness is to see the household income of low-wage earners. Widening non-monetary benefits will somehow better the lives of minimal pay earners and can be given to them in stead of the pay addition. ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Minimal pay hikings are good to workers and companies likewise. It keeps the workers to remain in the company for a long clip. therefore developing trueness to the occupation. Although allowing an addition in pay to workers may add up to runing disbursals of a company. still it is benefited in the long tally because it will non incur cost on developing new workers. Fox. 2006 ) . Periodic grant of an addition in the minimal pay rate is needed to augment workers’ income. such that they are able to get by up with the lifting cost of life. The slightest addition in their rewards raises the workers’ economic wellbeing since it makes them more capable of financing the most basic demands of the household. This is peculiarly true for workers who are the caputs of the families ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ; Bernstein. et Al. . 1999 ) . An addition in unemployment is non needfully caused by an addition in the minimal pay rate ( Fox. 2006 ) . A authoritative illustration in this theory was the addition in the minimal pay rate in the old ages 1996 and 1997 that did non take to the dismissal of adolescents. which were believed to be less adept workers ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . If the addition in the pay rate does do a important lessening in employment. there would hold been larger lessenings in the employment over the old ages ( Card. 1992 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Wage hiking does hold psychological effects on workers such as: higher productiveness. decreased turnover. lower recruiting and preparation costs. decreased absenteeism and higher morale. which are believed to countervail the costs of increasing the pay ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ; Card and Krueger. 1995 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Bernstein. et Al. . 1999 ; ) . Increasing minimal pay rate even attracts employment ( Clinton. 1995 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . The consequence of increasing the minimal pay rate on the rise in unemployment rate is by and large little and statistically insignificant ( Bernstein and Schmitt. 1998 as cited by Fox. 2006 ) . Decreases in the unemployment rate may besides be caused by the pay hiking. but merely to a little extent. A more likely cause of unemployment is the public presentation of the economic system ( Chipman. 2006 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Costales. et Al. 2000 ) . one of which is the being of a deflationary spread. It is a state of affairs wherein the aggregative outgo of the economic system is less than the full employment degree of income or end product. hence proposing the being of unemployment ( Costales. et Al. . 2000 ) . In fact. empirical surveies show that the employment on houses which implemented the higher minimal pay rates are higher than those without the rise. which both have positive and negative effects ( Burton and Hanauer. 2006 as cited by Fox. 2006 ) . The negative effects of more employment were stated in predating pages of this study. The overall positive effects of the addition in the pay rate set a sense of value for low-wage workers’ employment and elate their life criterions. ( Fox. 2006 ) . It serves as one of the tools in poorness decrease because the primary end of the minimal pay policy is to increase income of the low-wage earners ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Raising the minimal pay rate affects employment chances. It makes occupation searchers less probably to acquire a occupation while those who are already employed are expected to retain the employment. ( Deere. 1998 ) . Firms who do non hold the money to shoulder extra rewards for an addition in the minimal pay rate are normally the 1s who are against the execution of pay hikings. This is the primary cause of puting off of workers and the addition in the unemployment rate. This besides is the cause of firing less skilled workers because houses opt to retain the workers who are more adept. However. if the houses are able to prolong the costs. the addition will be both good to employers ( moral uplifting and better public presentation of the employees ) and to the workers ( higher income for basic demands ) . Increasing the lower limit pay of low-salaried workers is portion of the bargaining understanding between the workers’ brotherhood and the company. It is given in the hope of relieving poorness. However. survey shows that it may non be true in all instances because some companies may choose to follow work allotment among workers which could intend limited clip for work significance limited income on the portion of the affected workers. Though increasing minimal pay may ensue in higher operating costs. the addition is non the lone factor that affects the employment position of workers. Effectss of addition in the lower limit pay vary in different economic systems. hence the country’s economic public presentation straight affects unemployment rate due to the presence of deflationary spread. Addition in the minimal pay rate does non straight affect the unemployment rate. but instead. it affects the costs of the houses. In bend. these houses which can non run at a higher cost screen their current workers and cut those who have small experience to maximise their returns. However. there are houses which value the public assistance of the workers and handle it as portion of the working costs included in the production. Therefore. they consider extra costs. ensuing from pay hikings. negligible. Therefore. increasing the lower limit pay does non ensue in higher unemployment rate.

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

Chemical Composition of the Human Body Many of the elements found throughout nature are also found within the body. This is the chemical composition of the average adult human body in terms of elements and also compounds. Major Classes of Compounds in the Human Body Most of the elements are found within compounds. Water and minerals are inorganic compounds. Organic compounds include fat, protein, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Water:  Water is the most abundant chemical compound in living human cells, accounting for 65 percent to 90 percent  of each cell. Its also present between cells. For example, blood and cerebrospinal fluid are mostly water.Fat: The percentage of fat varies from person to person, but even an obese person has more water than fat.Protein: In a lean male, the percentages of protein and water are comparable. Its about 16 percent  by mass. Muscles, including the heart, contain a lot of muscle. Hair and fingernails are protein. Skin contains a large amount of protein, too.Minerals: Minerals account for about 6 percent  of the body. They include salts and metals. Common minerals include sodium, chlorine, calcium, potassium, and iron.Carbohydrates: Although humans use the sugar glucose as an energy source, there isnt that much of it free in the bloodstream at any given time. Sugar and other carbohydrates only account for about 1% of body mass. Elements in the Human Body Six elements  account for 99%  of the mass of the human body. The acronym CHNOPS may be used to help remember the six key chemical elements that are used in biological molecules. C is carbon, H is hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen, P is phosphorus, and S is sulfur. While the acronym is  a good way to remember the identities of the elements, it doesnt reflect their abundance. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body accounting for approximately 65% of a persons mass. Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, but the mass of each oxygen atom is much higher than the combined mass of the hydrogen. In addition to being a component of water, oxygen is essential for cellular respiration.Carbon is contained in all organic compounds, which is why carbon is the second most abundant element in the body, accounting for about 18% of body mass. Carbon is found in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Its also found in carbon dioxide.Hydrogen atoms are the most numerous type of atom in a human, but because they are so light, they only make up around 10% of the  mass. Hydrogen is in water, plus its an important electron carrier.Nitrogen is about 3.3% of body mass. Its found in proteins and nucleic acids.Calcium accounts for 1.5% of body mass. Its used to build bones and teeth, plus its important for muscle contraction. Phosphorus is about 1% of body mass. This element is found in nucleic acids. Breaking bonds connecting phosphate molecules is a major component of energy transfer.Potassium is around 0.2-0.4% of the mass of a person. Its used in nerve conduction. Potassium is a key cation or positively-charged ion in the body.Sulfur is found in some amino acids and proteins. Its about 0.2-0.3% of body mass.Sodium, like potassium, is a positively-charged ion. Its about 0.1-0.2% of body mass. Sodium helps regulate the electrolyte balance in the body and maintain homeostasis with respect to the volume of water in the blood and cells.Although aluminum and silicon are abundant in the earths crust, they are found in trace amounts in the human body.Other trace elements include metals, which are often cofactors for enzymes. Trace elements include iron, cobalt, zinc, iodine, selenium, and flourine. Element Percent by Mass Oxygen 65 Carbon 18 Hydrogen 10 Nitrogen 3 Calcium 1.5 Phosphorus 1.2 Potassium 0.2 Sulfur 0.2 Chlorine 0.2 Sodium 0.1 Magnesium 0.05 Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine trace Selenium, Fluorine minute amounts Sources Anke M. (1986). Arsenic. In: Mertz W. ed., Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. pp. 347-372.Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. pp. 52.Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. OUP Oxford. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board; Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (February 1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04633-6.Zumdahl, Steven S. and Susan A. (2000). Chemistry, Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 894. ISBN 0-395-98581-1.